{"id":"W4409528780","doi":"10.1016/j.rockmb.2025.100205","title":"The phlogiston theory of rock mass classification: Philosophical and mathematical critique of ordinal data usage","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Rock Mechanics Bulletin","topic":"Geotechnical and Geomechanical Engineering","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Epistemology; Ordinal data; Philosophy; Theoretical physics; Mathematical economics; Mathematics; Econometrics; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007653636,0.0001722854,0.0003125032,0.00005611259,0.00007621151,0.00001684289,0.0006190097,0.0001928702,0.000102336],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007238995,0.0001337507,0.00005862283,0.0001932912,0.00001828512,0.00002926109,0.0003220085,0.000353721,0.00001590392],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001949601,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001697974,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000001313007,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":5.667579e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987682,0.0000554514,0.0005013918,0.0002481494,0.0001954442,0.0002314111],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998329,0.0007539224,0.0000535015,0.000739753,0.00006597555,0.00005787423],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003327576,0.00004345011,4.920069e-7,0.0004653741,0.00005957235,0.000002085727,0.00001073375,0.02147686,0.01087132,0.9633314,0.0009100139,0.002795433],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002171097,0.00005290066,0.000003547324,0.0002167603,0.00005969721,0.000007442985,0.00007511447,0.5611023,0.004024738,0.4123766,0.02169965,0.0001641881],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0001903297,0.000843195,0.9938926,0.003591797,0.00012102,0.0001804332,0.00003385585,0.0001191168,0.001027669],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9970264,0.0003364991,0.002319436,0.00005613179,0.0000359431,0.00002212434,0.000009058963,0.00002143343,0.0001729462],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9968361,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5454195,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02264213689018447,"score_gpt":0.2440656054874338,"score_spread":0.2214234685972493,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}