{"id":"W4409645985","doi":"10.1080/09615768.2025.2493428","title":"The development of international investment law by arbitral tribunals and the strange case of the ‘fair and equitable treatment’ standard","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"King s Law Journal","topic":"International Arbitration and Investment Law","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Centre for International Governance Innovation","funders":"","keywords":"International investment; Investment (military); Law; Law and economics; Political science; Fair dealing; Business; Economics; Foreign direct investment","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008181647,0.0001138258,0.0001466835,0.00004064525,0.001045067,0.0003724371,0.0002038745,0.00002670951,0.00003410156],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003503477,0.00005374899,0.00007034269,0.00009034798,0.000407711,0.0003542158,0.0001211484,0.0001146828,5.887291e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000068603,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005280488,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000646584,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002688246,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999018,0.00003477205,0.0004332462,0.0000990865,0.0002653975,0.0001495191],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999293,0.00009914336,0.0003278571,0.00009349218,0.0001752165,0.00001130189],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001193274,0.00003700327,0.0003274965,0.00001587386,0.0002014259,0.000003516677,0.0001886401,0.000009152621,0.0002190489,0.99751,0.0006670956,0.0007014876],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00676984,0.00004542076,0.0009029447,0.0003027719,0.0002258557,0.0001511737,0.001584098,0.001963762,0.009601713,0.12662,0.851632,0.0002004149],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.374339,0.001947668,0.0007410899,0.01496092,0.00121803,0.000740261,0.0000423372,0.00002278139,0.6059878],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9919878,0.00006829548,0.000200684,0.007328361,0.0001154055,0.00001154084,0.0000046403,0.00000587206,0.0002773684],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8708899,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8037919,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01388910369186215,"score_gpt":0.2521042017851854,"score_spread":0.2382150980933232,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}