{"id":"W4409653867","doi":"10.1017/s1365100525000148","title":"Distance functions and the analysis of inefficiency","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Macroeconomic Dynamics","topic":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","field":"Decision Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Inefficiency; Economics; Econometrics; Mathematical economics; Mathematics; Statistics; Microeconomics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002884147,0.0001112481,0.0005311228,0.0009147391,0.0002380125,0.0001675554,0.0007263183,0.00004409509,0.0001028543],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001052473,0.00007109693,0.0002959784,0.00368859,0.0008603071,0.00009631773,0.0001928131,0.0001014068,0.00002393822],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008901444,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007097633,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001765713,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002756129,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981997,0.0001479395,0.0008239704,0.0004285951,0.0002337113,0.0001660793],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9965849,0.00201904,0.0003394079,0.0008719101,0.0001542251,0.0000305484],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000103423,0.00008578654,0.1527364,0.000005859177,0.0009783864,6.495437e-7,0.0004184338,0.21305,0.00001513108,0.5806741,0.0006924201,0.05123941],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000340454,0.00000459906,0.04405705,0.000003225382,0.0006355122,3.75567e-7,0.000724247,0.9388232,0.000002709544,0.01377697,0.00156454,0.0000671589],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7503644,0.0003221069,0.2229474,0.002648701,0.0002728092,0.0001177942,0.00006530617,0.00001795476,0.02324354],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9909314,0.00001980439,0.0001380279,0.0001968315,0.000006175471,0.000006064343,0.000007851908,0.000003355021,0.008690517],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7257732,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3169838,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01451193420529285,"score_gpt":0.3164972563169148,"score_spread":0.3019853221116219,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}