{"id":"W4409669633","doi":"10.1057/s41278-025-00312-9","title":"Economies of scale vs. service quality and environmental concerns: an application to integrated sea-land shipping systems with carbon tax policy insights","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Maritime Economics & Logistics","topic":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Université Laval","funders":"","keywords":"Scale (ratio); Carbon tax; Business; Quality (philosophy); Service (business); Economies of scale; Natural resource economics; Service quality; Environmental resource management; Economy; Economics; Greenhouse gas; Geography; Oceanography; Marketing","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003224985,0.001306359,0.001523754,0.001200049,0.001301511,0.004013957,0.001449677,0.00324386,0.014361],"category_scores_gemma":[0.009979471,0.0006267608,0.00248452,0.002265847,0.004659927,0.006434385,0.003257093,0.004547428,0.0003363063],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.004474122,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003177622,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01824962,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02077843,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987823,0.0006499426,0.00003917977,0.0001735857,0.0001679275,0.0001870621],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9877982,0.0104102,0.0007775681,0.0002506862,0.0004154749,0.0003480129],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001289414,0.0002673498,0.004219732,0.0001939797,0.000120555,0.0004569513,0.0003483412,0.1354139,0.0005766782,0.8397788,0.003660948,0.0148337],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008313212,0.0001350204,0.003454924,0.00008666113,0.0001460069,0.0001078948,0.001095995,0.2023063,0.0002842772,0.7876919,0.004550127,0.0000577953],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4688077,0.006428792,0.298522,0.03292755,0.0005910707,0.0002964368,0.0008300783,0.0002131549,0.1913833],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9836557,0.001851458,0.007588582,0.0004326384,0.0002409546,0.00006247839,0.00003781762,0.00003417421,0.006096148],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01824962,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0480423,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01223720326795784,"score_gpt":0.2373470892257226,"score_spread":0.2251098859577648,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}