{"id":"W4409691814","doi":"10.5430/wjel.v15n5p422","title":"Enhancing Critical Thinking in English Language Teaching (ELT) Programs: A Comparative Study of Higher Education in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Journal of English Language","topic":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics education; Computer science; Critical thinking; Linguistics; Psychology; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003747024,0.0002366967,0.000324055,0.001149264,0.003389461,0.001782768,0.0005207654,0.0004037514,0.001781637],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005940611,0.0002420449,0.0002085923,0.001074229,0.001833638,0.001043924,0.00167909,0.000768795,0.0001682185],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.003596101,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.006244729,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01886179,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04597097,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984497,0.0006585645,0.00009614796,0.0000927533,0.0002303278,0.0004724825],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9938052,0.002323276,0.0009870152,0.0001579654,0.001074368,0.001652208],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004981061,0.002639866,0.3301499,0.0004752798,0.00005204982,0.001606897,0.5833732,0.0001905902,0.002536104,0.001352496,0.0006730627,0.07645258],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00004861957,0.001389686,0.2345476,0.0001947002,0.00002825041,0.0004283559,0.7576696,0.0001647076,0.001008067,0.0001133338,0.00438062,0.00002639672],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9995759,0.0000496557,0.00002111227,0.00004595968,0.000002224041,0.0000115318,0.000003978379,3.596211e-7,0.0002892255],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994963,0.0001373613,0.00007314332,0.00005923496,0.000002337624,0.00001254565,0.000007297091,6.491805e-7,0.0002109707],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01886179,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03750402,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01713466150894327,"score_gpt":0.3903221505409437,"score_spread":0.3731874890320004,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}