{"id":"W4409755001","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04076-0","title":"Artificial intelligence tool development: what clinicians need to know?","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"BMC Medicine","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":29,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"National University Health System; National University of Singapore; College of Family Physicians of Canada","keywords":"Medicine; Intensive care medicine; Medical physics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001738393,0.0006876978,0.002856536,0.001094203,0.0002867547,0.00009178675,0.0004637706,0.0006762495,0.0009130774],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005181314,0.0005210048,0.0003677604,0.001915963,0.0002213528,0.0001505783,0.0001327953,0.0008669156,0.00178974],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005336409,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007073356,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001501211,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0003369882,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9940097,0.0002347564,0.003371503,0.001013106,0.0006521369,0.0007187454],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9952683,0.002174844,0.0004730349,0.001069263,0.0004784927,0.0005360495],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005724911,0.0001225259,0.00001460827,0.02459085,0.00006446707,0.00001664645,0.001459219,0.000001229605,3.512169e-7,0.0007418553,0.006691218,0.9662398],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001390077,0.0003081835,0.00000254153,0.1290972,0.0008008088,0.00003487976,0.002933032,0.00001420527,0.00005046448,0.0003880047,0.8659875,0.0003692703],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001802041,0.9715598,0.01428279,0.00422394,0.005760709,0.00313361,0.000004860438,0.0001514793,0.0008647548],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00001759882,0.9845648,0.004270062,0.002667939,0.003754177,0.0005074407,0.0003615108,0.00007154508,0.0037849],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9658705,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.433413605597043,"score_gpt":0.5381452656487615,"score_spread":0.1047316600517185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}