{"id":"W4409799940","doi":"10.11159/icgre25.180","title":"Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Ballast Aggregate","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering","topic":"Materials Engineering and Processing","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Ballast; Electric arc furnace; Slag (welding); Aggregate (composite); Deformation (meteorology); Materials science; Arc (geometry); Electric arc; Metallurgy; Composite material; Mechanical engineering; Electrode; Engineering; Electrical engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00007360605,0.0002382969,0.0002775858,0.0001926245,0.00006753453,0.00005409911,0.0001529479,0.00005751657,0.0000116599],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002427443,0.0001986506,0.00003839213,0.0001841154,0.00005179095,0.0001771806,0.00007762543,0.0001729545,3.724869e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004765487,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000003792897,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003775249,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000001263115,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991702,0.000002367357,0.0003165349,0.0001519797,0.000147883,0.0002109658],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997141,0.00003567644,0.000106852,0.00008116288,0.00001043811,0.00005174824],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00006384491,0.00001535781,0.004045489,0.003413367,0.0001701939,7.536431e-7,0.0002935005,0.01195894,0.9606941,0.004116437,0.00009379554,0.01513423],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007060081,0.00007075678,0.06116107,0.001604406,0.000107504,0.00003459574,0.0001217636,0.2109517,0.7233416,0.0004119498,0.0009694427,0.0005191376],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9980201,0.00057013,0.00002774088,0.0000269997,0.000455631,0.0001265821,0.0000208453,0.00007386116,0.0006781009],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990761,0.0004798837,0.0002154994,0.00001035025,0.00002808679,0.000007896593,0.000003964733,0.00002567675,0.0001525959],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2373525,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8100736,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.002294412471460955,"score_gpt":0.1684681441070659,"score_spread":0.1661737316356049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}