{"id":"W4409799940","doi":"10.11159/icgre25.180","title":"Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Ballast Aggregate","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering","topic":"Materials Engineering and Processing","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Ballast; Electric arc furnace; Slag (welding); Aggregate (composite); Deformation (meteorology); Materials science; Arc (geometry); Electric arc; Metallurgy; Composite material; Mechanical engineering; Electrode; Engineering; Electrical engineering; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002473085,0.0001922235,0.0001562117,0.0006474809,0.0001243709,0.0001775358,0.0002163416,0.0002818413,0.001341168],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003279968,0.00008245846,0.0001900991,0.0004965007,0.0002182065,0.0001673665,0.000132981,0.000111069,0.0002271917],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001580394,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001072048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001782312,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003744079,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997806,0.00002811862,0.00001612968,0.00003554785,0.0001127179,0.00002696331],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997281,0.00005247057,0.00007604825,0.00002524851,0.00009044952,0.00002764198],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004886192,0.00005193456,0.01019023,0.00006587979,0.00001200854,0.0001775538,0.0001204278,0.003065563,0.9774773,0.00008981269,0.0001178957,0.00814285],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001628276,0.002557102,0.1211971,0.00001626777,0.00003368591,0.0003527196,0.0004201435,0.01148243,0.862084,0.00008370972,0.001726287,0.00003036922],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9988888,0.0002028383,0.0002876839,0.000007202437,0.000003561689,0.000004120256,0.00009649133,0.00001218648,0.0004971381],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993328,0.0000469093,0.0001215745,0.000003237507,8.778156e-7,0.000001283931,0.00006144503,0.000002278714,0.0004295564],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001782312,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00448662,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.002294412471460955,"score_gpt":0.1684681441070659,"score_spread":0.1661737316356049,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}