{"id":"W4409852524","doi":"10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111747","title":"A novel analytic approach for insider and outsider attack detection and classification using the dual-tree complex wavelet transform and convolutional neural networks","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Electric Power Systems Research","topic":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Convolutional neural network; Pattern recognition (psychology); Dual (grammatical number); Artificial intelligence; Wavelet; Computer science; Tree (set theory); Wavelet transform; Insider; Mathematics; Linguistics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008902001,0.0001309359,0.0001873249,0.0002789777,0.00045072,0.0001730674,0.00007768006,0.000130446,0.000001236394],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000056951,0.0001015733,0.0000277318,0.0007095148,0.0001591124,0.0001251715,0.00002865433,0.0003943342,1.594583e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001157477,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004046873,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009830123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00008152059,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987134,0.0001008427,0.0002377266,0.0002818737,0.0002581661,0.0004079461],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992368,0.0003816966,0.00002272794,0.0001462282,0.00014367,0.00006892758],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001430335,0.0006525618,0.01054165,0.00791245,0.002386653,0.00002016435,0.009618884,0.3749994,0.4473453,0.01729631,0.01381966,0.1139766],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004617256,0.00004993746,0.0180948,0.0000227995,0.00001775826,0.00009025702,0.0003024565,0.9800193,0.00006963694,0.00002518448,0.0007428101,0.0001033256],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2157416,0.006907576,0.7748469,0.0002062211,0.0002260728,0.001324929,0.000008162791,0.00006113105,0.0006774919],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993979,0.0001375583,0.0001519175,0.00001542139,0.00007755473,0.00009208967,0.000005905997,0.00001417579,0.0001075183],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7836563,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4142039,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.093987559668932,"score_gpt":0.3297437746126184,"score_spread":0.2357562149436864,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}