{"id":"W4409942684","doi":"10.1177/15533506251339920","title":"Immersive Virtual Reality Simulation for Medical Student Procedural Training: Assessment of Cognitive Load and Usability","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Surgical Innovation","topic":"Surgical Simulation and Training","field":"Medicine","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; McGill University; McGill University Health Centre","funders":"","keywords":"Usability; Cognitive load; Virtual reality; System usability scale; Cognition; Test (biology); Medicine; Computer science; Simulation; Physical therapy; Human–computer interaction; Web usability","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007680263,0.0009741677,0.001790994,0.0006690768,0.0004104089,0.0006545238,0.0007954141,0.0008536523,0.003782161],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01353002,0.0005365466,0.001602885,0.0004487992,0.0008077779,0.0006727303,0.000696457,0.0009755782,0.0003228659],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003950683,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009999636,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00043286,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0005909177,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9907966,0.005795217,0.001292903,0.0005945476,0.001179965,0.0003409086],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.988261,0.007377704,0.002336939,0.0004765912,0.0007394892,0.000808116],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"randomized_trial","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.5968871,0.1470356,0.0195287,0.006848951,0.003160781,0.00007907851,0.001264615,0.002218865,0.01431573,0.0003562974,0.0009311895,0.2073731],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.2061944,0.7244501,0.05651042,0.0002797817,0.001506401,0.00005473851,0.000229396,0.003228064,0.005898303,0.0002054078,0.001343494,0.00009946302],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9896435,0.0007799834,0.001872243,0.00009551094,0.0001177545,0.006277306,0.0002078103,0.0000619375,0.0009440054],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9714956,0.0006007417,0.008374555,0.0001437642,0.0002017946,0.01838983,0.0001578932,0.00001280985,0.000623054],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.007680263,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04061764,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.07532992035335301,"score_gpt":0.4585529087533635,"score_spread":0.3832229884000105,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}