{"id":"W4409948257","doi":"10.1177/15291006241287726","title":"What the Science of Learning Teaches Us About Arithmetic Fluency","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","topic":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"","keywords":"Fluency; Numeracy; Memorization; Cognition; Mathematics education; Thinking processes; Computer science; Quality (philosophy); Psychology; Cognitive psychology; Pedagogy; Literacy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007191542,0.0001515537,0.0002166968,0.0003024552,0.0005385583,0.0007257863,0.002822783,0.00005082535,0.0001672249],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01525519,0.00006836471,0.00007152164,0.003294801,0.00471649,0.0007409191,0.0005558201,0.0005097021,0.00004104313],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000927302,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001102305,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000005205364,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002020322,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9976123,0.0001783357,0.0004617051,0.0004663889,0.0007128922,0.0005683711],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9971056,0.001957622,0.0001377134,0.0004575925,0.0002684105,0.00007304325],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001357413,0.001027934,0.004061956,0.00003127661,0.000006875896,0.000008725722,0.002059034,5.847853e-7,0.002743047,0.9526802,0.0003709541,0.0369958],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002463294,0.0001624393,0.104294,0.0003770919,0.000009699336,0.00003885886,0.007558422,0.0001857386,0.001880458,0.8844464,0.0006259037,0.0001746743],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9357909,0.00007322478,0.0004876412,0.01293483,0.000414352,0.0003290639,5.068714e-7,0.0000328413,0.04993666],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9978871,0.00003605652,0.001023044,0.0007244383,0.00001783529,0.00004102683,2.228242e-7,0.00000335752,0.0002669081],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1002321,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9979921,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09312226001831385,"score_gpt":0.4019740157511452,"score_spread":0.3088517557328313,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}