{"id":"W4409963150","doi":"10.1158/1055-9965.epi-25-0120","title":"A Scoping Review on Barriers to Cancer Diagnosis and Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention","topic":"Global Cancer Incidence and Screening","field":"Medicine","cited_by":14,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Engineers Without Borders Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Low and middle income countries; Medicine; Cancer; Middle income; Low income; Environmental health; Gerontology; Family medicine; Developing country; Economic growth; Socioeconomics; Sociology; Demographic economics; Economics; Internal medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"systematic_review","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"design_other","genre":"review","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02561963,0.002188842,0.00626207,0.01953235,0.002026223,0.005821891,0.002841095,0.003444439,0.006633879],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1181494,0.001704091,0.009037511,0.02118303,0.00154125,0.004564417,0.003780079,0.00242919,0.0008333832],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007464461,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.04152694,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01745828,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.03998522,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9756991,0.008953555,0.009097532,0.001342091,0.004197241,0.0007105144],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9243033,0.05440534,0.01057378,0.00125707,0.008789998,0.0006705355],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"systematic_review","study_design_gemma":"systematic_review","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008878893,0.00002453247,0.0007800661,0.9083837,0.003254856,0.0001669906,0.0009528042,0.0002546259,0.0001763438,0.001054662,0.0060834,0.07877939],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002326966,0.00003624474,0.0009842322,0.9657822,0.007225344,0.0001127649,0.0004063159,0.00004779125,0.00007818277,0.0004015221,0.02488491,0.00001732691],"study_design_candidate":"systematic_review","study_design_consensus":"systematic_review","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0008567804,0.9932703,0.0007061866,0.001504387,0.000418371,0.001178828,0.0007250375,0.00002128758,0.001318697],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.005884183,0.9890552,0.001317483,0.0008812653,0.0001164973,0.001947448,0.0005626679,0.00001051934,0.0002248044],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02561963,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1354911,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1403519324393845,"score_gpt":0.4769098455891899,"score_spread":0.3365579131498054,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}