{"id":"W4409978890","doi":"10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104999","title":"Impact of culture shock, acculturation approaches, and sociocultural adaptation on perceived proficiency in Turkish and English among international students in Turkey","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Acta Psychologica","topic":"International Student and Expatriate Challenges","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu","keywords":"Acculturation; Turkish; Sociocultural evolution; Adaptation (eye); Psychology; Language proficiency; Shock (circulatory); Developmental psychology; Social psychology; Sociology; Linguistics; Anthropology; Ethnic group; Mathematics education; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000389237,0.000113325,0.0001444974,0.0001289051,0.0001057717,0.00009799841,0.0002586195,0.0001610872,0.00002430586],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002513362,0.00008178959,0.00004395929,0.0001894654,0.0001361116,0.0003163275,0.00005024425,0.0001857342,5.246549e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000176308,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001966178,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001572183,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001618458,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988876,0.000136359,0.0002255435,0.0002782956,0.0003210959,0.0001511186],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996401,0.00006200731,0.0001017124,0.0000534818,0.0001135156,0.00002917211],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001400938,0.0003412806,0.6656423,0.000005347729,0.00003788207,0.000001620745,0.33015,0.00006028178,0.0002519877,0.001470579,0.0002270463,0.001671545],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000718768,0.00009729376,0.9240951,0.00004734822,0.000004058201,1.283212e-7,0.074405,0.0001078535,0.000004282455,0.0003374197,0.0001015587,0.00008116996],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9833399,0.0001162145,0.000001696091,0.0006598753,0.0002185047,0.000365638,0.000005836696,0.00001658627,0.01527576],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.99861,0.0008161197,0.00003554359,0.00003795384,0.00007629646,0.0000229773,0.00002670866,0.000002594347,0.0003717591],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2584528,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3335283,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05462298291268141,"score_gpt":0.3861250190736573,"score_spread":0.3315020361609759,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}