{"id":"W4410106424","doi":"10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105372","title":"Present bias in politics and self-committing treaties","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Public Economics","topic":"International Development and Aid","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"European Research Council; Simon Fraser University; Engineering Research Centers","keywords":"Politics; Economics; Positive economics; Neoclassical economics; Political science; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001009677,0.00003735378,0.0001001732,0.0002368612,0.0000928852,0.0001544971,0.0001284472,0.00003480632,0.00001902669],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002538525,0.00003570231,0.0000289109,0.00006698319,0.00004335936,0.0003503584,0.00002952268,0.000081078,0.000001105516],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002279742,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004425049,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001953354,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006937946,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994419,0.00005768149,0.0002831102,0.00004207011,0.00005425466,0.0001209711],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994956,0.0001876151,0.0001525671,0.00002534473,0.00009334968,0.00004558265],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000001327766,0.00003589783,0.2603007,0.00000403066,0.00003292373,0.000001361981,0.002892977,0.0000102209,3.733233e-7,0.7328112,0.0009416948,0.002967386],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007619763,0.00003221665,0.1708861,0.00006354267,0.00001223903,0.00000515281,0.01045323,0.0006276764,0.00005188302,0.1145814,0.7023934,0.0001311931],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8614339,0.000116528,0.00001753415,0.02061317,0.0003313062,0.00002909198,7.181917e-7,0.000004099307,0.1174536],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9952134,0.0006266178,0.0008013227,0.0001988066,0.0001851621,5.847426e-7,3.251629e-7,0.000002023579,0.002971719],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7014517,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1489819,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04859096710523755,"score_gpt":0.3076419216920918,"score_spread":0.2590509545868543,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}