{"id":"W4410116554","doi":"10.22329/jtl.v19i2.9005","title":"Open the Black Box of Autonomous Learning: A Sustainable Approach to Language Learning","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Teaching and Learning","topic":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","field":"Psychology","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Black box; Computer science; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.005685673,0.0003203105,0.0002780517,0.0007309567,0.003927003,0.006888685,0.001449109,0.001660951,0.002767943],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005619991,0.000229959,0.0005655993,0.0004014072,0.008032865,0.006218286,0.009561232,0.002204895,0.0008545483],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00183604,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.007301706,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007679493,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002129999,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960343,0.002502785,0.00007611105,0.0002940501,0.0008171082,0.000275649],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9962354,0.001355387,0.0003460863,0.0006067562,0.000502358,0.0009539978],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001348135,0.000952836,0.01632281,0.0009183958,0.00005834262,0.001014595,0.1176564,0.00304954,0.01430113,0.4021028,0.01480023,0.4286881],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008015103,0.0009748735,0.00916715,0.001358852,0.00005853504,0.001543227,0.08355581,0.01148826,0.00983911,0.4659893,0.4157666,0.0001781394],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3717305,0.002562213,0.378305,0.03988459,0.0006488386,0.0008141504,0.00008049412,0.0008676825,0.2051067],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8612561,0.0007022689,0.1144048,0.002680201,0.00006308093,0.0004354598,0.00003694978,0.0001192543,0.02030201],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.006888685,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03006905,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02430724199614395,"score_gpt":0.3841191072004989,"score_spread":0.3598118652043549,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}