{"id":"W4410118048","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5209680","title":"The Design and Business Models of Financial Ratings","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"HEC Montréal; Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Psychology; Finance","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00803857,0.0005988351,0.0005564693,0.001563309,0.001243368,0.008392048,0.001788584,0.002185875,0.01257388],"category_scores_gemma":[0.04709978,0.001039622,0.0009705168,0.001414499,0.004267029,0.01176496,0.001538163,0.00188186,0.002391484],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002755525,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001713665,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002594184,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002500506,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9887626,0.007681338,0.0004744779,0.0009153138,0.001736134,0.0004302884],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9772798,0.01460983,0.001629994,0.002647133,0.002976748,0.000856592],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002488096,0.00002539203,0.0005067892,0.00003262541,0.000009745903,0.00002344049,0.000200346,0.0084955,0.0001788744,0.9787415,0.001290099,0.01047074],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003022276,0.00004213121,0.0003977175,0.00003394616,0.00001586125,0.00007183237,0.0001440143,0.1227127,0.0004727566,0.8662921,0.009762165,0.00002450765],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.04090064,0.001197138,0.8645279,0.006040585,0.0002537538,0.0002257038,0.0002967036,0.0006354976,0.08592203],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8278189,0.0006744746,0.1531655,0.0002775461,0.0002334189,0.0002662049,0.000231597,0.000175207,0.01715725],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01257388,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04251248,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009612227767957664,"score_gpt":0.2083987592416613,"score_spread":0.1987865314737036,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}