{"id":"W4410121591","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2025.113546","title":"A novel few-shot detector for rare defect localization in photovoltaic cells using electroluminescence images","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Solar Energy","topic":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Electroluminescence; Photovoltaic system; Shot (pellet); Detector; Materials science; One shot; Optoelectronics; Single shot; Optics; Physics; Nanotechnology; Electrical engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003343357,0.0004034392,0.0005808455,0.0006112401,0.0003668194,0.000930833,0.002120581,0.001364199,0.001789838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004278563,0.0005177241,0.0003155828,0.0003102068,0.0003694225,0.001091579,0.0007432703,0.0006940461,0.0007793723],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0006075125,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004316044,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005157767,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002206698,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996924,0.0000277761,0.000009562797,0.00008326789,0.000158656,0.00002839417],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995728,0.0001506656,0.00004858555,0.00006532777,0.0001007334,0.00006184331],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007990434,0.00005030548,0.0005584498,0.00005101738,0.00001363937,0.0001057353,0.00002293533,0.0001228138,0.9877952,0.0004002814,0.000446108,0.0103535],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003624257,0.0002281566,0.00212086,0.00001335889,0.00002731051,0.0008368737,0.00003090015,0.02135494,0.9718554,0.0002107367,0.00324257,0.00004267137],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.5808247,0.003127805,0.4016846,0.0009239309,0.000347828,0.0002924538,0.0009689771,0.00333502,0.00849467],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.7309279,0.000695929,0.259313,0.0004257177,0.000111764,0.0001957781,0.0004567724,0.0001661067,0.007707053],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002120581,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005987585,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01061256286194245,"score_gpt":0.2199669074517289,"score_spread":0.2093543445897864,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}