{"id":"W4410152917","doi":"10.1109/tii.2025.3563596","title":"DRL-Based Distributed Coordination of ISO and DSOs in Bi-Level Electricity Markets","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","topic":"Electric Power System Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Waterloo","funders":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Electricity; Business; Computer science; Environmental economics; Electrical engineering; Engineering; Economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001195172,0.0005650739,0.0008667904,0.0002403152,0.0004571355,0.0009739965,0.00121247,0.0008781085,0.002702092],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002228582,0.0003486749,0.000352221,0.0002681214,0.0008241585,0.001190797,0.001539829,0.001106976,0.0004209246],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007982875,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001050707,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.006132187,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005326806,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999384,0.0001926473,0.00002671076,0.0001618984,0.00009963215,0.0001350697],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992004,0.0003355104,0.0001449859,0.0000729966,0.0001433743,0.0001026811],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009121957,0.00006165783,0.000639122,0.00002429433,0.00001484415,0.00007923488,0.00005379979,0.9733147,0.001432515,0.006277072,0.0005130267,0.01749856],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008313457,0.00001981504,0.00005170583,0.000001200575,0.000002110955,0.000005976594,0.000007235439,0.9986303,0.0001722821,0.0009687606,0.000130296,0.000002078957],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1117068,0.000211538,0.8754552,0.0005053706,0.00007109096,0.0001011606,0.00004847288,0.00057387,0.01132661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9822823,0.00003206184,0.01579959,0.00007159857,0.00000921117,0.00003947926,0.00001880445,0.00001766902,0.001729328],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.006132187,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01219296,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01892800984171027,"score_gpt":0.2247102045315446,"score_spread":0.2057821946898343,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}