{"id":"W4410193528","doi":"10.19173/irrodl.v26i2.8067","title":"Identifying Reasons That Contribute to Dropout Rates in Open and Distance Learning","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning","topic":"Online Learning and Analytics","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Open University of Sri Lanka","keywords":"Dropout (neural networks); Distance education; Open education; Computer science; Educational technology; Psychology; Mathematics education; World Wide Web; Machine learning","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["scholarly_communication"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.008257003,0.0001204849,0.0003625895,0.0002509245,0.0002787918,0.001152486,0.00273917,0.00003753915,0.00001655538],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005000941,0.00009325426,0.00003243311,0.00125386,0.0001192615,0.0005264541,0.004342277,0.0009555829,0.000006676021],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001195884,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002045333,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007931776,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001505684,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9974649,0.0008751964,0.0003974125,0.0004297152,0.0005060087,0.0003267873],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998078,0.001132549,0.0001446119,0.0002753033,0.0002833222,0.00008616098],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001016836,0.0001176526,0.7524174,0.001084584,0.00005418748,0.00005576081,0.0004489597,0.0008957456,0.00007751017,0.1830035,0.002127417,0.05961548],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004534017,0.0003531504,0.2525412,0.1091411,0.000035889,0.00004611994,0.00905304,0.2183017,0.0003082462,0.04812612,0.3567558,0.0008037089],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"commentary","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1942128,0.1049761,0.1689954,0.4937315,0.0005773805,0.005707787,0.000118269,0.0001299454,0.0315509],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9777741,0.0185405,0.001144124,0.0003347623,0.00001589231,0.00005524138,0.00004803202,0.000006276379,0.002081101],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.7835613,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998844,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.08600845658552411,"score_gpt":0.4811343945656277,"score_spread":0.3951259379801035,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}