{"id":"W4410195530","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6559440/v1","title":"Substantial aircraft contrail formation at low soot emission levels","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"Research Square","topic":"Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Safran Electronics (Canada)","funders":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Science Foundation Ireland; European Commission; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Ice crystals; Soot; Environmental science; Cirrus; Aerosol; Meteorology; Atmospheric sciences; Particle number; Cloud condensation nuclei; Radiative forcing; Combustion; Chemistry; Geography; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0008710673,0.0002403307,0.0002557164,0.0001986331,0.0005724642,0.00007415495,0.0007883181,0.0003766669,0.002159915],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004923722,0.0002087082,0.000119917,0.0004962977,0.000477924,0.0002991298,0.003124164,0.001015347,0.0007312019],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001105513,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006415397,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00009452111,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001250893,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969183,0.0002158083,0.0003284873,0.0006473107,0.001149477,0.0007406383],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.998687,0.0002558556,0.00008344884,0.0007526065,0.00007492485,0.0001461609],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0006454872,0.000552931,0.04796436,0.001449348,0.00006088128,0.0002267998,0.002570062,0.0105858,0.6956103,0.002080726,0.02721451,0.2110388],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001994342,0.0003400705,0.07159099,0.001427089,0.00001684151,0.00002186959,0.001483001,0.01716058,0.8017239,0.07512381,0.02792602,0.001191499],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9287227,0.0001644067,0.0519332,0.001318042,0.0001607874,0.001760538,0.0001251363,0.0006559649,0.01515927],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9925053,0.0001230202,0.00213501,0.00003586966,0.00002883814,0.0001964248,0.0000517392,0.00001431159,0.004909559],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2098473,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9987522,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0605002799901205,"score_gpt":0.360630556610268,"score_spread":0.3001302766201475,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}