{"id":"W4410234442","doi":"10.1111/japp.70018","title":"Excess Incarceration","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Applied Philosophy","topic":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Sociology; Criminology; Philosophy; Political science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001008975,0.0002451067,0.0003195897,0.00125563,0.0009347213,0.001655094,0.000655314,0.0004269832,0.00815444],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004090363,0.00009947813,0.000237338,0.0006835408,0.003483502,0.001744298,0.002547658,0.00082796,0.0004748765],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001298341,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008961436,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001056558,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001356198,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985638,0.0003358805,0.00008743632,0.0002934082,0.0004853681,0.0002341366],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99739,0.0006544259,0.0006132227,0.0004427712,0.0006156733,0.0002838764],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005304558,0.00005755726,0.01181761,0.0001621553,0.00002800707,0.0003429728,0.003642477,0.001573717,0.0008507033,0.9335753,0.003064754,0.04483171],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002086609,0.0001837,0.03951491,0.0003938007,0.00005733714,0.001869772,0.008258174,0.007000061,0.002118621,0.8637528,0.07679387,0.00003610436],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5035244,0.001527847,0.05044911,0.005582353,0.00021432,0.00007772749,0.0003555418,0.000252866,0.4380158],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9906399,0.0002171096,0.001349867,0.0002027583,0.00004497687,0.00002156722,0.00003897557,0.00001753024,0.007467262],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00815444,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02727938,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01862097111543505,"score_gpt":0.3175155368918833,"score_spread":0.2988945657764482,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}