{"id":"W4410239885","doi":"10.1080/00309230.2025.2496206","title":"Rationalism and empiricism: contrasting approaches to drawing as education reform in the late nineteenth century","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Paedagogica Historica","topic":"Historical Education Studies Worldwide","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Laurentian University","funders":"","keywords":"Empiricism; Rationalism; Sociology; Epistemology; Social science; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00646651,0.0004318245,0.0004078913,0.003742315,0.009145389,0.009800873,0.001346381,0.002207955,0.002277234],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005594417,0.0003246664,0.0002320981,0.003806009,0.1172351,0.005543089,0.003523914,0.00347476,0.000144118],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.08773094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02326734,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.3704967,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.4402877,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9951937,0.002611989,0.000105639,0.0003895538,0.0008386169,0.000860528],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9970607,0.001737138,0.0002667682,0.0002756777,0.0003949314,0.0002647538],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000005907394,0.000004305848,0.0001852113,0.00001719106,0.000001653985,0.00003703707,0.03849077,0.0001664623,0.0000192958,0.9568083,0.0005246404,0.003739259],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003278328,0.0000244019,0.003511148,0.0003531446,0.00001124398,0.00008859797,0.0547213,0.0007325362,0.0002454911,0.617514,0.3227358,0.00002949214],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.1121892,0.02059468,0.01029286,0.07989268,0.0003162093,0.00005079257,0.00006152668,0.00005237856,0.7765497],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9846123,0.003614996,0.0008747046,0.0009070949,0.00009264847,0.00002505438,0.00001528626,0.00002518525,0.009832881],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.3704967,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7366804,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1151889616209185,"score_gpt":0.3602660491011533,"score_spread":0.2450770874802349,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}