{"id":"W4410252108","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-443-13840-9.00003-2","title":"Synthesis of activated carbon: One and two-step chemical activation techniques","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Elsevier eBooks","topic":"Chemical Synthesis and Characterization","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Innovative Medicines Canada; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Activated carbon; Chemistry; Materials science; Chemical engineering; Physical chemistry; Engineering; Adsorption","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001248329,0.0007019483,0.0003926009,0.0008468295,0.0002807945,0.0005181293,0.0005637852,0.0006484697,0.006694589],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001095784,0.0002932109,0.0003752191,0.0009469895,0.0002991103,0.0006954087,0.0002561202,0.001048645,0.003030506],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004556444,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004136933,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005619301,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001430386,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998358,0.00000794362,0.000007238987,0.00003480362,0.00009712028,0.000016934],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999336,0.00002497241,0.000006176726,0.00001136237,0.00001732141,0.000006536329],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007076464,0.00007792273,0.00004369765,0.001436666,0.00001618567,0.000131024,0.00007861639,0.001014658,0.7759624,0.009323365,0.004051534,0.2077932],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000105886,0.0001567763,0.0006198888,0.00008411766,0.00001680086,0.0005512235,0.00002749263,0.001309673,0.8301725,0.003019312,0.1640031,0.00002855078],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.1187465,0.2518657,0.2482725,0.001283069,0.002768466,0.0004558496,0.002362258,0.002405342,0.3718403],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.2724378,0.141203,0.2343366,0.0005695816,0.0004457506,0.0003175803,0.002665621,0.0006611038,0.3473629],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.006694589,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02239561,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007553692083554871,"score_gpt":0.2040463647997211,"score_spread":0.1964926727161663,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}