{"id":"W4410394325","doi":"10.1109/tse.2025.3570897","title":"Using Cooperative Co-Evolutionary Search to Generate Metamorphic Test Cases for Autonomous Driving Systems","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","topic":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Huawei Technologies (Canada); University of Ottawa","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Computer science; Test (biology); Evolutionary algorithm; Artificial intelligence; Distributed computing; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001531139,0.001239724,0.0004957081,0.001508252,0.0003619153,0.0006668704,0.001768365,0.001117036,0.001480384],"category_scores_gemma":[0.007624175,0.0004132814,0.0006888211,0.0005047108,0.0009592847,0.0007393013,0.001300102,0.0008557026,0.0002118134],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008271643,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001323327,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005822035,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007556182,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988229,0.0004520382,0.00005591592,0.0001912592,0.0003384127,0.0001395003],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9953235,0.003351036,0.0002759879,0.0003436058,0.0005356082,0.0001703097],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001191188,0.0002457557,0.00815287,0.0001136815,0.00006423707,0.0003885044,0.0001385726,0.8957475,0.007376323,0.003372237,0.001125224,0.083156],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000180481,0.00006983915,0.000291784,0.000007204581,0.000009374249,0.00003075733,0.00002207276,0.9961909,0.001529185,0.001443358,0.0003832427,0.000004238321],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.5143457,0.0007020927,0.4736414,0.0005837971,0.00009212185,0.0004099999,0.0002720686,0.003050307,0.006902487],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8718829,0.00009073766,0.125878,0.0001657505,0.00001293656,0.0002047053,0.0004193887,0.0001506455,0.001194985],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.005822035,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01157629,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.047251793029375,"score_gpt":0.3055320633810115,"score_spread":0.2582802703516365,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}