{"id":"W4410420269","doi":"10.1016/j.learninstruc.2025.102136","title":"Rewards and competition in education","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Learning and Instruction","topic":"Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports","field":"Psychology","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Nemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós Alap","keywords":"Competition (biology); Psychology; Social psychology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000101882,0.00004225189,0.0000583776,0.0001349292,0.00006979489,0.00001686157,0.00001098618,0.00006098781,0.0001938692],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002378271,0.00004527904,0.00000654524,0.0001314816,0.00003382623,0.00005966862,0.000006732064,0.0001396807,0.000004772141],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001874012,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001510906,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001421368,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001334574,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996176,0.00005643668,0.0001048579,0.0001333092,0.00003062208,0.00005721849],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998759,0.00001383019,0.00003617721,0.00004020026,0.0000188659,0.00001504083],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001461296,0.00001873285,0.4932796,0.00001136896,0.000003084002,2.312645e-7,0.001317785,0.000005404881,0.0000340623,0.07456743,0.0001471318,0.4306006],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004576342,0.00003103775,0.8672138,0.00005778634,0.000003688941,0.0000166409,0.007046956,0.0000309301,0.00001219199,0.002360203,0.1227122,0.00005696245],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9391574,0.0002186567,0.0002145604,0.0002749344,0.0007840473,0.00005540881,1.319637e-7,0.00003444404,0.05926038],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.993971,0.00008528685,0.0001791754,0.0001498163,0.00004561919,0.0000107585,0.00001280818,0.000002803974,0.005542715],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4305436,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2122732,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007459238155972651,"score_gpt":0.2931641203965699,"score_spread":0.2857048822405973,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}