{"id":"W4410442317","doi":"10.3390/jrfm18050274","title":"Rating Liberalization and Efficiency: Evidence from the Property-Liability Insurance Industry","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of risk and financial management","topic":"Insurance and Financial Risk Management","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Liability; Liberalization; Liability insurance; Insurance industry; Property (philosophy); Property insurance; Actuarial science; Economics; Insurance policy; Finance; General insurance; Market economy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003060939,0.000200934,0.0002866911,0.00176949,0.0003019969,0.001529633,0.0003811349,0.0004762121,0.00217838],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01722908,0.0001378121,0.0006156177,0.001768248,0.00104977,0.001588099,0.001270215,0.0006414918,0.0003035178],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008022739,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006932972,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009339822,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007803064,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9980795,0.0006738408,0.000230866,0.0002719252,0.0004066335,0.0003371568],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9643356,0.01193204,0.01723903,0.002347867,0.003043615,0.001101841],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001755887,0.0002059154,0.9734727,0.00007202291,0.0001548658,0.0003286137,0.000746305,0.001776295,0.0006914817,0.001956218,0.0004289053,0.01999111],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001138558,0.0001245088,0.9958472,0.00002284843,0.00003840053,0.00006497699,0.0007684682,0.001369834,0.0004780122,0.000405723,0.0008587968,0.000009951554],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.994936,0.0006433963,0.0005422448,0.000279223,0.000003447684,0.00001608768,0.0001382075,0.00000813416,0.003433237],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991249,0.0002071815,0.00009733142,0.00003048274,0.00001075037,0.000003191262,0.000176324,0.000001517852,0.0003482255],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.009339822,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0185709,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01647382887153248,"score_gpt":0.2184623866965276,"score_spread":0.2019885578249952,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}