{"id":"W4410476985","doi":"10.1007/s13202-025-02006-7","title":"Water saturation modeling in carbonate reservoirs using the bulk volume water approach","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology","topic":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Petro-Canada","funders":"","keywords":"Offshore geotechnical engineering; Carbonate; Saturation (graph theory); Geology; Water saturation; Volume (thermodynamics); Petroleum engineering; Soil science; Geotechnical engineering; Materials science; Thermodynamics; Mathematics; Metallurgy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006824015,0.0001385971,0.000242049,0.001199599,0.0001389641,0.00006627861,0.000146665,0.0001654213,0.000006515861],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004478743,0.00007939957,0.00005827777,0.0005008631,0.00006378486,0.0006394938,0.00003801504,0.0004757983,0.000002356753],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001039381,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000210607,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000009296213,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002734865,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987933,0.00008037336,0.0005831018,0.0001657313,0.0001772438,0.0002002722],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995132,0.000004841313,0.00006374669,0.0002060511,0.0001857557,0.00002641628],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002780335,0.00001987474,0.0000926143,0.00003065621,0.00004442077,0.000001670685,0.0008017002,0.9422192,0.05570421,0.0001099167,0.00006576745,0.0008821556],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002755244,0.00002462718,0.000003488561,0.00002500231,0.0000400413,0.00003126329,0.002215941,0.9453495,0.0464315,0.00401456,0.001493032,0.00009553976],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7814193,0.0009944296,0.1891478,0.02711382,0.0007726375,0.000147409,3.884093e-7,0.0001081476,0.0002961112],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982331,0.0006799251,0.0006211434,0.00003354295,0.0001328537,0.00001504473,0.00000657475,0.00001391742,0.0002638979],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2168138,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3237821,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02007366218773262,"score_gpt":0.2305146573663669,"score_spread":0.2104409951786343,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}