{"id":"W4410504370","doi":"10.1049/icp.2025.0457","title":"Hardware in loop simulation of replay attacks on synchrophasor data and detection using machine learning approach","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"IET conference proceedings.","topic":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University","funders":"","keywords":"Loop (graph theory); Computer science; Hardware-in-the-loop simulation; Artificial intelligence; Real-time computing; Computer hardware; Machine learning; Embedded system; Mathematics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004855029,0.0001351897,0.0001995961,0.0002625921,0.0001504392,0.0001672592,0.000448339,0.0001129526,0.000005456136],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002380583,0.0001340446,0.00001862081,0.0006835749,0.00004982056,0.0008034428,0.0003948076,0.0003450255,9.790676e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004704653,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004553506,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00008090334,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001774052,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987613,0.00003033841,0.0002907639,0.0005523114,0.0001946609,0.000170632],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993182,0.0000503803,0.0001719152,0.0002398844,0.0001850427,0.00003455547],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000825825,0.000759646,0.05815419,0.001729687,0.0001328842,0.000008884801,0.008405832,0.1705505,0.06579065,0.02861815,0.0001028844,0.6649209],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003135847,0.0001173428,0.0009128712,0.0002061389,0.00000832464,0.000004775241,0.00008240026,0.9917878,0.005551541,0.0005213965,0.0003760319,0.000117807],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6339607,0.0001032237,0.3644978,0.00005464837,0.000142423,0.0002053714,0.000002478235,0.00007851168,0.000954853],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9951329,0.00005206704,0.004681041,0.00004190424,0.0000251185,0.000005387259,0.000005612382,0.000005513009,0.00005045626],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.8212373,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.546618,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04853801406776108,"score_gpt":0.2987979152943054,"score_spread":0.2502599012265443,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}