{"id":"W4410518720","doi":"10.3390/earth6020044","title":"Initial Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons in an Oil Sands Pit Lake","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth","topic":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung; Trent University; Syncrude; McMaster University","keywords":"Oil sands; Petroleum engineering; Characterization (materials science); Geology; Environmental science; Geochemistry; Mining engineering; Materials science; Asphalt; Composite material; Nanotechnology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001096229,0.0002591884,0.0002254228,0.0007835922,0.0006234305,0.000451068,0.0002151247,0.0003753321,0.0009589753],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002673242,0.0001361595,0.0001868028,0.0006195389,0.0003620159,0.0003405576,0.0004351079,0.0002796713,0.00024653],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004580806,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006198472,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01396476,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02711479,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998339,0.000006911233,0.000007829876,0.00002645998,0.000085671,0.00003905455],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998664,0.00001787632,0.00002411344,0.000004212899,0.00006378062,0.00002363811],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002781733,0.0001103066,0.04621184,0.0001190196,0.00001321073,0.0007657042,0.0005108661,0.0006007142,0.9414158,0.00009041408,0.0001309955,0.00975287],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003418259,0.001204148,0.3216297,0.00005985082,0.00005509811,0.0007102227,0.003052262,0.008184845,0.6564508,0.0001693823,0.008390305,0.00005921597],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9987419,0.00004049156,0.0002873784,0.00001390988,0.000001325187,0.00002534815,0.0003487075,0.0000143737,0.0005265241],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949851,0.0001182735,0.002057038,0.00003295625,0.000003876008,0.00002919378,0.0007202507,0.00001310429,0.00204016],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01396476,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.027767,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005025518869530112,"score_gpt":0.2183647115367502,"score_spread":0.21333919266722,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}