{"id":"W4410518720","doi":"10.3390/earth6020044","title":"Initial Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons in an Oil Sands Pit Lake","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Earth","topic":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung; Trent University; Syncrude; McMaster University","keywords":"Oil sands; Petroleum engineering; Characterization (materials science); Geology; Environmental science; Geochemistry; Mining engineering; Materials science; Asphalt; Composite material; Nanotechnology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00005939864,0.0000836714,0.0001500694,0.0002552975,0.00001491904,0.00001651104,0.00008095964,0.00006486541,0.00006074802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008851946,0.0000859353,0.0000451677,0.0005032436,0.00001658286,0.0001274181,0.00001162544,0.00008996355,0.000009361956],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000007106211,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002099918,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000004874719,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0004041871,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994436,0.00003375749,0.0002034908,0.0001037393,0.0001032176,0.000112207],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997565,0.00000611672,0.00001937646,0.0001687586,0.00001182785,0.00003741424],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002325931,0.0001385289,0.005001438,0.0001329363,0.000114776,0.00003450402,0.0008800618,0.03136059,0.9508222,0.0005934687,0.00001890837,0.0108793],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001019177,0.00004307968,0.01752959,0.000175082,0.00004121554,7.269955e-7,0.00004497402,0.6098502,0.3671563,0.000182963,0.003647658,0.0003089986],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9838079,0.00004831518,0.006806448,0.0000899683,0.0001147815,0.00003030176,0.000006603394,0.00007594561,0.009019733],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9994179,0.00007058834,0.00005129947,0.00006365409,0.00002880161,0.000009229027,0.000110296,0.00001114285,0.0002370937],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5836659,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.350434,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005025518869530112,"score_gpt":0.2183647115367502,"score_spread":0.21333919266722,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}