{"id":"W4410598598","doi":"10.1093/restud/rdaf038","title":"Racial Discrimination and the Social Contract: Evidence from U.S. Army Enlistment During WWII","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Review of Economic Studies","topic":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Kellogg's (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"World War II; Economics; Social contract; First world war; Labour economics; Demographic economics; Political science; Law; History; Politics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001183728,0.0001663405,0.0009092552,0.00005012903,0.0004446433,0.00002005299,0.0002328597,0.00002768215,0.00004089468],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0006351239,0.0001075285,0.0001932907,0.00006411433,0.0005926122,0.0001135723,0.000217977,0.00009232441,0.00005062588],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000122806,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001723279,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008531421,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002959903,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986848,0.00007304824,0.0007918471,0.0002588349,0.00002370315,0.0001677659],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983404,0.0009174281,0.000440469,0.000256102,0.00003240717,0.00001314858],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002671845,0.000062436,0.01410421,0.006518682,0.003087972,9.553905e-7,0.04262912,0.000007265455,0.000005489515,0.9008924,0.01668797,0.01573636],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004540549,0.00008678533,0.5982609,0.009823368,0.001102298,0.000003008459,0.007508211,0.0001677846,0.00009628818,0.3104099,0.06720062,0.0008002063],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2005548,0.7694883,0.00000552714,0.02258388,0.0004532572,0.0004635005,0.0001052663,0.000008512623,0.006336907],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.5375589,0.4611049,0.000009710872,0.0007718131,0.0001635148,0.00007917709,0.000001630187,0.000004459,0.0003059705],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5904824,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4384885,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06950142541548965,"score_gpt":0.3359280006351508,"score_spread":0.2664265752196611,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}