{"id":"W4410718467","doi":"10.1038/s41545-025-00471-5","title":"Iron biochar synergy in aquatic systems through surface functionalities electron transfer and reactive species dynamics","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"npj Clean Water","topic":"Advanced oxidation water treatment","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":39,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University","funders":"National Science Foundation","keywords":"Biochar; Electron transfer; Chemistry; Environmental chemistry; Chemical engineering; Nanotechnology; Materials science; Environmental science; Photochemistry; Engineering; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008862584,0.0002105132,0.0001501616,0.0001213188,0.0001335851,0.0002269773,0.0001558503,0.0002472102,0.0004032678],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00007606388,0.00008686774,0.0001169152,0.00006334682,0.0001707007,0.0001826123,0.000178654,0.0002242666,0.0001526668],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002740948,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001485846,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000652652,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001432299,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999512,0.000008478381,0.000001992264,0.000008401289,0.0000142078,0.00001560917],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999774,0.000006914775,0.000003507648,0.000001853965,0.00000525767,0.000005203597],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000332013,0.00001556114,0.0001569838,0.00006632176,0.000004751467,0.00006483127,0.00001674802,0.0003794569,0.995266,0.0002839477,0.00004281483,0.003669465],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000007932314,0.0002295492,0.001747394,0.000006719439,0.00001601304,0.0001075544,0.0000352406,0.004621073,0.9895129,0.0002893323,0.003420548,0.00000585982],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.988241,0.002138042,0.005348186,0.0001334074,0.00002572366,0.00002090135,0.00005229382,0.0001093257,0.003931082],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9965598,0.0005784028,0.001684736,0.00002199625,0.000004985284,0.000004247762,0.00003052922,0.000005332518,0.001109921],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.000652652,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001988709,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007484782199261262,"score_gpt":0.2128138527061009,"score_spread":0.2053290705068396,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}