{"id":"W4410744513","doi":"10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107001","title":"What corruption is most harmful? Unbundling citizen perceptions","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Development","topic":"Corruption and Economic Development","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University; Centre for Social Innovation","funders":"Midwest Political Science Association","keywords":"Unbundling; Language change; Perception; Political science; Business; Development economics; Economics; Industrial organization","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01169879,0.0002536908,0.0003008583,0.001703414,0.002691343,0.006249353,0.0003223246,0.001517839,0.002087541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03248117,0.0002237297,0.0003541915,0.0009497138,0.005914783,0.005311545,0.002880976,0.003930351,0.0001983905],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00306197,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003131267,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005935539,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009220654,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9910026,0.005567477,0.000301549,0.0002982115,0.00167953,0.001150582],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9769794,0.009616776,0.005386128,0.0006819589,0.004254699,0.003080967],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004803166,0.0003583103,0.3120291,0.0003220139,0.0001689086,0.000423846,0.4718329,0.0007402912,0.002639193,0.1227457,0.008602024,0.07965754],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003438285,0.0003041177,0.1541857,0.0007633413,0.0001389208,0.0003251054,0.7285311,0.001816057,0.001648775,0.07113389,0.04100496,0.0001136953],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.898462,0.0006294323,0.00246658,0.03202549,0.0001703967,0.00002495217,0.00003660826,0.00001139859,0.06617319],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9988341,0.0001084615,0.0001171478,0.0005928486,0.00002236799,0.000003230994,0.000005396582,0.000003982018,0.0003126022],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01169879,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0618698,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03213020289391694,"score_gpt":0.3302967076559687,"score_spread":0.2981665047620518,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}