{"id":"W4410785418","doi":"10.1080/07055900.2025.2500648","title":"Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Trends in Canada and Regions of the United States North of 40°N 1999–2023","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN","topic":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","funders":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","keywords":"Lightning (connector); Cloud computing; Meteorology; Environmental science; Political science; Geography; Physics; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006419647,0.0001346323,0.0002380054,0.00001928748,0.00007519577,0.00001270942,0.0002096332,0.00001725101,0.00004366802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000004872114,0.0001039523,0.00004142796,0.001239521,0.00004821938,0.00002849545,0.00009164634,0.0001303423,3.713656e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006695435,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002604823,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.8652583,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.538262,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991019,0.00004708735,0.0002902473,0.0001834902,0.0001243276,0.0002529859],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994159,0.00009223383,0.000108096,0.000279347,0.00004440264,0.00006003599],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004073828,0.00006898218,0.9657612,0.00002671155,0.0001321249,0.000001192466,0.001487308,0.002854411,0.00007973976,0.009670214,0.01573378,0.004143603],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001780657,0.0002999098,0.9509158,0.0003419039,0.0001623765,9.846553e-7,0.005250341,0.003806032,0.002137276,0.009555303,0.02523081,0.000518668],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9937312,0.00009330597,0.00003239717,0.0004998326,0.000103512,0.00007568252,0.00002976429,0.000006332884,0.005427953],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968578,0.000004881181,0.00008331874,0.0001138469,0.00003194789,0.000002419757,0.00003013309,0.00001043163,0.002865192],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3269964,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4701636,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.005356080326054831,"score_gpt":0.1994178462296134,"score_spread":0.1940617659035586,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}