{"id":"W4410785517","doi":"10.1038/s44400-025-00007-1","title":"DNA methylation age from peripheral blood predicts progression to Alzheimer’s disease, white matter disease burden, and cortical atrophy","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"npj Dementia","topic":"Epigenetics and DNA Methylation","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":13,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias; National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institute on Aging; National Institutes of Health; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo; Genentech; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; IXICO; H. Lundbeck A/S; Servier; Eisai; Rainwater Charitable Foundation; Global Brain Health Institute; Northern California Institute for Research and Education; University of Southern California; Pfizer; BioClinica; Biogen; Radiological Society of North America; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; Fogarty International Center; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; RSNA Research and Education Foundation; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Eli Lilly and Company; Meso Scale Diagnostics; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Alzheimer's Association","keywords":"Epigenetics; Neuroimaging; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative; DNA methylation; Neuroscience; White matter; Disease; Alzheimer's disease; Biology; Psychology; Medicine; Pathology; Genetics; Magnetic resonance imaging; Gene expression; Gene","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009261186,0.0001670489,0.0001212112,0.00004844169,0.0001223685,0.00008013272,0.0001037343,0.00008790843,0.0001012489],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00004059279,0.0001596278,0.00006462114,0.00008326551,0.00005046929,0.000007095664,0.0001783315,0.00006682054,0.00001030291],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000006155344,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004790523,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00001012798,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001073386,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988226,0.00009604553,0.0002301292,0.0004658096,0.0001752809,0.0002100928],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992902,0.000009990389,0.000052662,0.0003160334,0.00005933802,0.000271829],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004079638,0.0001127538,0.5392006,0.00003279829,0.0003755956,0.0000165903,0.00007466131,0.0001747456,0.4505433,0.00007208491,0.00127618,0.007712651],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007262222,0.0001207708,0.9440234,0.00004929407,0.000861333,9.165168e-8,0.0000109616,0.0002934219,0.04338958,0.0007172643,0.009591931,0.0002157715],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9811218,0.01107531,0.00570963,0.0009022965,0.0001992957,0.0004207952,0.00007632186,0.0000172954,0.0004773],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958541,0.0001410261,0.002408293,0.0003451073,0.0002809098,0.00006592026,0.0006263238,0.00001940084,0.0002588694],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.4071538,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6509433,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008753477157440173,"score_gpt":0.2724050784432481,"score_spread":0.2636516012858079,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}