{"id":"W4410800169","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.154","title":"A life cycle assessment of e-hydrogen production using proton-exchange membrane water electrolysis coupled with desalination in Saudi Arabia","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","topic":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","field":"Energy","cited_by":10,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Research and Innovation Foundation; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","keywords":"Desalination; Hydrogen production; Electrolysis; Environmental science; Life-cycle assessment; Electrolysis of water; Production (economics); Hydrogen; Chemistry; Membrane; Physical chemistry; Electrode","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009250161,0.0002769388,0.0005963951,0.001247036,0.00005785122,0.00004692573,0.0005269821,0.000122654,0.0001088505],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001321907,0.0002116357,0.0002030893,0.0005548585,0.00006868877,0.000452016,0.00008103231,0.0002006162,0.00000116485],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008062232,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00061403,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004626307,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001770205,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9966693,0.0002769898,0.001261907,0.0003365708,0.001107527,0.0003476964],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9977626,0.00005170035,0.0008138937,0.0002644638,0.0009840572,0.0001232392],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003137834,0.0002867247,0.001969582,0.00005995771,0.001028398,0.00007614235,0.0001083923,0.7237969,0.2703353,0.001244659,0.00001193289,0.0007681887],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002053747,0.0001693485,0.0002083722,0.0004350353,0.0001369669,0.0002751362,0.00006694334,0.2117528,0.781005,0.000762533,0.002893428,0.0002407262],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9925462,0.0004066259,0.004118918,0.0009555373,0.0005982976,0.0002039433,0.000003319565,0.00002460165,0.001142569],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980039,0.0001738012,0.0006860251,0.0001279011,0.0004680076,0.00006889716,0.00003610606,0.00004507957,0.0003903038],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5120441,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8630254,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01025066481306031,"score_gpt":0.2671685067434549,"score_spread":0.2569178419303946,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}