{"id":"W4410834580","doi":"10.1017/s027226312510065x","title":"How does language distance affect reading fluency and comprehension in English as second language?","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Fluency; Affect (linguistics); Linguistics; Psychology; Comprehension approach; Reading comprehension; Second-language attrition; Comprehension; Language assessment; Reading (process); Language transfer; Cognitive psychology; Language education; Communication","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007168624,0.000451393,0.0007277093,0.0007435574,0.0001979451,0.0001436694,0.0002560506,0.0002659649,0.01285678],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005341846,0.0003960733,0.0001121833,0.000741107,0.0002552599,0.0004417964,0.000211732,0.0006432119,0.0000425872],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002268036,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002899337,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002429876,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002384132,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9970787,0.0005716468,0.0005297246,0.0009195974,0.000217108,0.0006831837],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980883,0.0008909875,0.0002034438,0.0006301071,0.00009700543,0.00009014146],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009016305,0.0003794549,0.01240876,0.001702416,0.0005086348,0.005539849,0.8968433,0.00001019901,0.03012125,0.008062619,0.007367342,0.03615455],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004712408,0.0002192223,0.06146742,0.00121526,0.00006680725,0.00007915842,0.9211684,0.00003629746,0.004895663,0.0003840172,0.004933532,0.0008218186],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8886855,0.08741094,0.0000388994,0.0002405614,0.001327918,0.0005403577,0.00006333191,0.0002093149,0.02148314],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9792347,0.0001178844,0.0001413591,0.005810564,0.0003643923,0.0001476397,0.0001350443,0.00004544405,0.01400298],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.09054916,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998491,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01085331503883912,"score_gpt":0.3324785135383905,"score_spread":0.3216251984995513,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}