{"id":"W4410837407","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925000380","title":"When sentence meaning biases another language: an eye-tracking investigation of cross-language activation during second language reading","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bilingualism Language and Cognition","topic":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","field":"Neuroscience","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of New Brunswick; McGill University; Centre for Research on Brain Language and Music","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Psychology; Linguistics; Reading (process); Meaning (existential); Sentence; Eye tracking; Artificial intelligence; Computer science; Philosophy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002092271,0.0001462217,0.0001681426,0.0002201842,0.000154499,0.0002797702,0.00006715664,0.0002083981,0.001151574],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009311133,0.0001014893,0.00007232045,0.0001280059,0.0001797404,0.0002649454,0.0002286058,0.0001928929,0.0001249042],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001449345,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000110114,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00254322,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005644895,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999076,0.00002048762,0.000006511646,0.00003325168,0.00001726297,0.00001485122],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996521,0.0001544411,0.0000942838,0.00002359889,0.00004972403,0.00002589014],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0007354123,0.00009910849,0.05249102,0.00007765416,0.0000297961,0.000257826,0.002491889,0.00007951578,0.9316156,0.00009463259,0.00009693459,0.01193059],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002375595,0.0003734369,0.9569158,0.000007813875,0.00002208738,0.0005479371,0.001020604,0.0007119655,0.03991414,0.0001160254,0.0003344289,0.00001202837],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993862,0.00003001577,0.0002300936,0.000005119816,7.112469e-7,0.000005009531,0.00003279053,0.000005407634,0.0003046088],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993784,0.00002148416,0.0003020821,0.00001077794,9.813887e-7,0.000008378591,0.00003525995,0.000002919148,0.0002396111],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00254322,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005056798,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03394635222178504,"score_gpt":0.3343258418661746,"score_spread":0.3003794896443895,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}