{"id":"W4410876489","doi":"10.20360/langandlit29711","title":"L2 English Reading, Spelling, and Cognitive-Linguistic Development","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Language and Literacy","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Spelling; Linguistics; Reading (process); Literacy; Cognition; Psychology; Computer science; Philosophy; Pedagogy","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001857727,0.0001340974,0.0001559516,0.0001512512,0.0001180324,0.0001206608,0.00004639816,0.0000735369,0.0088233],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002600315,0.0001264588,0.00002274225,0.0001200448,0.00004425513,0.00006562081,0.00004399932,0.0001878172,0.00007136247],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000008243645,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001587712,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00005164795,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00000370789,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991462,0.00007431622,0.0001977665,0.0003050927,0.00005963409,0.0002169853],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994362,0.0002398041,0.00005083208,0.0001298807,0.0000696594,0.00007363274],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009659788,0.00008595996,0.00983421,0.0001127192,0.000161651,0.0007591322,0.650539,8.244648e-8,0.0001645335,0.008682981,0.001074542,0.3284886],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004241318,0.000127389,0.1207057,0.0008586525,0.0002111846,0.0001261244,0.1311321,0.0000823375,0.001037033,0.0003414776,0.7402713,0.000865353],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8483041,0.02478704,0.0005107149,0.00002547689,0.0003919568,0.0001102052,0.000005086547,0.00008856849,0.1257769],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9654868,0.00001317861,0.0005084672,0.005238811,0.0002914849,0.00001247298,0.00005596854,0.00001278869,0.02838009],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7391968,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9920828,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007566562723485297,"score_gpt":0.3145894787854224,"score_spread":0.3070229160619372,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}