{"id":"W4410884901","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20251003","title":"Patterns of Artificial Intelligence Adoption by Hospitals","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AEA Papers and Proceedings","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Psychology; Knowledge management; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001848658,0.0001441578,0.0002296788,0.003146281,0.0003353028,0.001687345,0.0006146295,0.0004377901,0.0031787],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01701518,0.0001864087,0.0002903255,0.006111892,0.0004691368,0.00123488,0.001228779,0.0008231021,0.0004603329],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009585342,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008382957,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00967371,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01173029,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969606,0.0008784332,0.0004775783,0.0004570147,0.0006857333,0.0005406904],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9618531,0.0103032,0.02041845,0.001395817,0.003771534,0.002257842],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003807453,0.00002916504,0.9939277,0.00001588812,0.00003613573,0.00002754473,0.0003247521,0.0001517038,0.0001363553,0.0002360563,0.0004196264,0.004656896],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004231357,0.00004274155,0.996204,0.00002810238,0.00001044645,0.00009968605,0.001851439,0.0005176576,0.0001700254,0.0001037501,0.0009592388,0.000008801496],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9953229,0.0004321001,0.0002524359,0.0008011234,0.00000469385,0.000014155,0.001170192,0.00001718484,0.00198512],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983605,0.0002089401,0.0001551265,0.00009567263,0.000008007492,0.00001017165,0.0008390092,0.000005551783,0.0003170632],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.00967371,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01923484,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04511787905463456,"score_gpt":0.3572971838805037,"score_spread":0.3121793048258691,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}