{"id":"W4410884901","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20251003","title":"Patterns of Artificial Intelligence Adoption by Hospitals","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"AEA Papers and Proceedings","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Business; Psychology; Knowledge management; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001555947,0.00008200378,0.0001533061,0.00007651285,0.00006897579,0.00001892111,0.00003973906,0.00008840823,0.00007044592],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001022521,0.0000731794,0.00003403585,0.0001772863,0.00004718324,0.00007231232,0.00001521038,0.00009930639,0.000005051255],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002464973,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004589072,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002485404,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000006947517,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992729,0.000003042497,0.0003019102,0.0001802077,0.0001024499,0.0001394727],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996073,0.00003755058,0.00006894859,0.0000528051,0.0001684803,0.0000649601],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001156529,0.00009963908,0.2802663,0.0005248737,0.0000260328,5.021482e-7,0.002170067,2.501131e-7,0.03459537,0.0154289,0.001605068,0.6651674],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000088167,0.001573768,0.1194878,0.001633346,0.0002548093,0.00002277185,0.04068725,0.0006964428,0.7991785,0.02011604,0.01579013,0.0004709101],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9911225,0.0004478581,0.000313728,0.003265728,0.0001723198,0.0002266675,0.00000399952,0.0000232797,0.004423933],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9979389,0.000714184,0.0001852017,0.0005220441,0.00006970098,0.00001733472,0.000009606531,0.00000569579,0.0005372919],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7645832,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2984169,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04511787905463456,"score_gpt":0.3572971838805037,"score_spread":0.3121793048258691,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}