{"id":"W4410887061","doi":"10.1109/syscon64521.2025.11014841","title":"Formally Constrained Reinforcement Learning for Traffic Signal Control at Intersections","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Traffic control and management","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Western University; Concordia University","funders":"","keywords":"Reinforcement learning; Computer science; Traffic signal; Control (management); SIGNAL (programming language); Artificial intelligence; Real-time computing; Programming language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002092072,0.000688607,0.0006014945,0.0004298571,0.000428605,0.001023763,0.0009172257,0.0007261072,0.002146097],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01081555,0.0003542134,0.0006005547,0.000275574,0.002239645,0.001094671,0.001305456,0.001828916,0.0001572625],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002383088,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002931542,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.009553302,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.009389769,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986444,0.0006938764,0.00005715829,0.0001553335,0.0002818669,0.0001673617],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9933089,0.005137643,0.0005663409,0.0002368724,0.000553437,0.0001967155],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004889644,0.00003790309,0.000484986,0.0000433795,0.00001613463,0.00004290692,0.00005849816,0.9509147,0.0005962961,0.04117385,0.0002077436,0.006374739],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001604232,0.00001859817,0.00003905022,0.000005639705,0.000002951154,0.000003015646,0.000006477996,0.9826705,0.0002157946,0.01687062,0.0001481658,0.000003158584],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.03617145,0.0001589407,0.9593158,0.0003725603,0.00003410519,0.00006875183,0.00005268053,0.0003014908,0.00352419],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9171941,0.0001088066,0.0808588,0.00009968454,0.00002099161,0.0001380024,0.00007741717,0.00005398903,0.001448187],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.009553302,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0189954,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004872961878810985,"score_gpt":0.1942548053407859,"score_spread":0.189381843461975,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}