{"id":"W4410915433","doi":"10.1007/978-981-96-5937-1_2","title":"Exploring the Association Between Mass Shootings and Police Violence in the United States","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Accounting, finance, sustainability, governance & fraud","topic":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Association (psychology); Criminology; Gun violence; Psychology; Political science; Medical emergency; Medicine; Suicide prevention; Poison control; Psychotherapist","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","sts"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007604705,0.0005273173,0.0006270801,0.000252186,0.001421353,0.000649118,0.001937898,0.0004916325,0.00002643367],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003742554,0.0003969242,0.0001952977,0.001071014,0.0009345693,0.0008870608,0.0004637554,0.002002846,0.00001468311],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002811029,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001273143,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.1223439,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01653174,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9944276,0.0004785529,0.0007564157,0.0009283752,0.001963999,0.001445053],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9935464,0.003369322,0.001023499,0.0008228141,0.001160546,0.00007739161],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003058959,0.00004020086,0.5772721,0.0004240164,0.00005777348,0.00001373477,0.02082982,0.00004701323,3.809406e-7,0.3532394,0.00277641,0.04526852],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002538289,0.00005257177,0.2548926,0.001130651,0.00007236097,3.238482e-7,0.01397316,0.00003734183,0.000002488938,0.07051206,0.6585637,0.0005088901],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8156593,0.001431072,0.00005757714,0.02154764,0.0005640142,0.003279074,0.0001761956,0.0001624827,0.1571226],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8845158,0.03265863,0.00002069469,0.0007527735,0.0008205777,0.0002735061,0.00003747815,0.00005039296,0.08087021],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6557872,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998786,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03467894099270268,"score_gpt":0.3055525418778743,"score_spread":0.2708736008851717,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}