{"id":"W4410935696","doi":"10.1080/21678421.2025.2506444","title":"Differentiating upper- and lower motor neuron diseases using automated acoustic analysis","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration","topic":"Voice and Speech Disorders","field":"Medicine","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute; University of Saskatchewan; University of Alberta; McGill University; London Health Sciences Centre; Horizon Health Network; Sunnybrook Health Science Centre; Alberta Health; Sunnybrook Hospital; Queen's University; McMaster University; Alberta Health Services; Western University; University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","keywords":"Dysarthria; Phonation; Upper motor neuron; Prosody; Audiology; Syllable; Habilitation; Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy; Psychology; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Disease; Medicine; Speech recognition; Computer science; Pathology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00006153622,0.0002118488,0.0003985564,0.0002292994,0.0002695747,0.0001620809,0.00003783526,0.000110074,0.00003752068],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002761485,0.000173808,0.0001240821,0.0003209933,0.00006137036,0.0002329938,0.00006401127,0.00009718351,0.000001127921],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005259642,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003603467,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005994667,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001631916,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988151,0.0000662476,0.0003231225,0.0003950571,0.0001688859,0.0002316537],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995136,0.00001759732,0.00008642743,0.0001798603,0.00006950495,0.000133003],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002318192,0.0001777105,0.7465968,0.0001297589,0.0005400492,0.00001154873,0.0001081197,0.000928994,0.2465843,0.00007345854,0.000231233,0.004386194],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007374871,0.0001041006,0.6791983,0.00007171959,0.001209649,0.000001481432,0.00001652375,0.3183324,0.000153272,0.00004363131,0.000009618679,0.0001217576],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951311,0.001476413,0.002118022,0.0006283407,0.0001662961,0.0002738409,0.00002406949,0.0001514669,0.00003046012],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.997866,0.0002981913,0.0007936716,0.0005328274,0.00008937933,0.00001262738,0.0001465842,0.0000158255,0.0002448894],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3174034,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.7087684,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01773516807929,"score_gpt":0.2590221726724206,"score_spread":0.2412870045931306,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}