{"id":"W4410967522","doi":"10.21083/ajote.v14i1.8038","title":"Teachers’ conceptualization of validity and reliability in classroom assessment in Ghana","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"African Journal of Teacher Education","topic":"Student Assessment and Feedback","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Conceptualization; Psychology; Reliability (semiconductor); Validity; Test validity; Mathematics education; Construct validity; Psychometrics; Computer science; Developmental psychology; Artificial intelligence; Physics","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002581921,0.0000644688,0.0001980446,0.000264252,0.00004732714,0.00002767842,0.0001575078,0.00006737364,0.00005435222],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0004364889,0.00006274004,0.00003810318,0.0005590813,0.0001506201,0.0002613931,0.00002120903,0.0002309065,2.381533e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005025077,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001238452,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001243698,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006170639,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984099,0.000625322,0.0004657421,0.0001080988,0.0002717051,0.0001192096],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992044,0.0001642455,0.0003328889,0.00008397005,0.0001696191,0.00004485757],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001114026,0.0004917898,0.9434559,0.000008499434,0.000004947393,2.024189e-7,0.04605026,0.000005701947,0.00007418186,0.004367741,0.000568062,0.004961515],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003199344,0.00004320687,0.803857,0.00007213948,0.00001761513,1.596127e-7,0.1915038,0.00001438631,0.00001684132,0.002426072,0.001680947,0.00004793404],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9753566,0.000166503,0.0002838069,0.003082347,0.0003665698,0.0001638653,3.549478e-7,0.00000330807,0.02057661],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9977843,0.0000677233,0.00147486,0.00003424182,0.00007199199,0.000005297507,0.000001218081,0.00000293382,0.0005574769],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1454535,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.2558464,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03049116894654656,"score_gpt":0.389104163268703,"score_spread":0.3586129943221564,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}