{"id":"W4411036505","doi":"10.3390/molecules30112461","title":"Sustainable Recovery of Critical Minerals from Wastes by Green Biosurfactants: A Review","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Molecules","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Concordia University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Concordia University","keywords":"Resource recovery; Environmental remediation; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Environmental science; Cadmium; Environmental chemistry; Waste management; Inductively coupled plasma; Chemistry; Biochemical engineering; Wastewater; Contamination; Chemical engineering; Environmental engineering; Engineering; Organic chemistry","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004712554,0.001180103,0.0012671,0.003077632,0.0003624942,0.001096525,0.0006255124,0.0009195835,0.003282244],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00055491,0.0003845182,0.0007230234,0.003484552,0.0002864482,0.001468722,0.0006541693,0.001050188,0.001414109],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004729094,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001424625,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001113609,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002147329,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997963,0.00002411306,0.00003298966,0.00003909807,0.00008241089,0.00002505858],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999716,0.0001202648,0.0000567628,0.000009210784,0.00007400617,0.00002381573],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005629615,0.0001335439,0.0002483557,0.08003635,0.0002330244,0.0003110803,0.0001265439,0.001117385,0.01223478,0.006873643,0.01943407,0.8791949],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000008411285,0.0001126869,0.0007743159,0.00523595,0.0002327214,0.0006913052,0.00008740463,0.0002000807,0.002625854,0.00156036,0.9884447,0.00002619894],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004745408,0.9972249,0.000442389,0.0001962054,0.0001373062,0.00001101429,0.00005752541,0.00001485854,0.001441263],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001272851,0.9975691,0.0004475456,0.0000837293,0.00004686042,0.00001092799,0.00005229617,0.000001895181,0.0005147531],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.003282244,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01098019,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01634081831674898,"score_gpt":0.3105842488524018,"score_spread":0.2942434305356528,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}