{"id":"W4411068481","doi":"10.1007/s10640-025-01005-w","title":"A Stated Preference Study to Explore Market-Based Instruments to Reduce Car Usage","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental and Resource Economics","topic":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Medical Research Council; Liverpool John Moores University; Queen's University; Queen's University Belfast; Cranfield University; UK Prevention Research Partnership; University of Glasgow; University of Exeter","keywords":"Willingness to pay; Contingent valuation; Mixed logit; Discrete choice; Incentive; Valuation (finance); Congestion pricing; Value of time; Welfare; Willingness to accept; Economics; Business; Public transport; Environmental economics; Revealed preference; Value (mathematics); Preference; Public economics; Logistic regression; Traffic congestion; Microeconomics; Econometrics; Travel time; Transport engineering; Finance; Computer science","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02088808,0.0004793749,0.0005987627,0.0006877273,0.0004865816,0.001460952,0.000779212,0.001320982,0.0130505],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07836626,0.0002901611,0.001271047,0.0009107635,0.0007573817,0.002014563,0.0007170061,0.001574405,0.0007741681],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008206876,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000650699,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0008765365,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0006851247,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9863535,0.01155785,0.0005708087,0.0003557551,0.0008288859,0.0003332135],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8782271,0.1068419,0.007501528,0.00376204,0.00290779,0.0007596561],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.06296019,0.06707814,0.3952199,0.00531419,0.002209271,0.001787568,0.01467871,0.02700313,0.01039455,0.08081581,0.005959946,0.3265786],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.01462114,0.1992599,0.3335296,0.001731975,0.001985788,0.002293259,0.04613063,0.2898846,0.01542775,0.06720244,0.027177,0.0007559396],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9843217,0.0002092729,0.009483766,0.0002553635,0.00004769483,0.0006600587,0.0003023942,0.00001431619,0.004705457],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9949371,0.00008342155,0.003629188,0.0001172366,0.00001476661,0.0005001552,0.0001376725,0.00000263467,0.0005777665],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02088808,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.110468,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0764970698045176,"score_gpt":0.2147795701259915,"score_spread":0.1382825003214739,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}