{"id":"W4411091046","doi":"10.1038/s41746-025-01730-y","title":"Foundation versus domain-specific models for left ventricular segmentation on cardiac ultrasound","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"npj Digital Medicine","topic":"Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors","field":"Medicine","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","funders":"","keywords":"Foundation (evidence); Cardiology; Internal medicine; Ultrasound; Segmentation; Domain (mathematical analysis); Cardiac Ultrasound; Medicine; Radiology; Computer science; Artificial intelligence; Mathematics; Political science; Mathematical analysis; Law","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002199864,0.0001971298,0.0004148647,0.000259128,0.0001180837,0.00004726346,0.0000539075,0.0001003904,0.00008509057],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001597156,0.0001506017,0.0003288704,0.0002784978,0.00009932886,0.0002000663,0.00001232133,0.0001309885,0.0000488961],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003072157,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006479571,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000006936521,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":9.087784e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9986145,0.00002360146,0.0003041507,0.0003516591,0.0004850043,0.0002210661],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989536,0.0003403361,0.00006333573,0.000342065,0.0001776795,0.0001229201],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.01669549,0.001247422,0.01878855,0.000894276,0.006470499,0.0001470933,0.002320865,0.002166693,0.01497134,0.113191,0.186029,0.6370777],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0166278,0.001595998,0.0114459,0.00043062,0.0006391876,0.0000340792,0.002319787,0.0001641941,0.00249577,0.003217386,0.9607214,0.0003078867],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5067618,0.002504282,0.345615,0.004237425,0.01277313,0.004100991,0.00009774396,0.0004204305,0.1234891],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9942891,0.000400442,0.0003144879,0.0003886334,0.0007969634,0.00005680849,0.001375411,0.00003000039,0.002348179],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7746924,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6141359,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02327955342609874,"score_gpt":0.2812508483098694,"score_spread":0.2579712948837706,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}