{"id":"W4411096401","doi":"10.3390/drones9060413","title":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Last-Mile Parcel Delivery: A State-of-the-Art Review","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Drones","topic":"UAV Applications and Optimization","field":"Engineering","cited_by":24,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Mile; Last mile (transportation); State (computer science); Aeronautics; Drone; Environmental science; Marine engineering; Computer science; Engineering; Geography; Geodesy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001028814,0.0009209763,0.001368242,0.002855608,0.0003301269,0.001505181,0.000813748,0.001175126,0.005916695],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002222423,0.0004400331,0.001338877,0.003234685,0.0003348109,0.001585823,0.0005934556,0.0009427412,0.001370867],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005937204,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00220502,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002732592,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.004135658,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994917,0.00009651789,0.00009979447,0.00009305239,0.0001806663,0.00003822127],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9980654,0.001297961,0.0002408437,0.00003765536,0.0003176976,0.00004052077],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000785289,0.00009231363,0.0005066128,0.1246532,0.0003540249,0.0001805432,0.000136523,0.001732667,0.001657307,0.005836149,0.01738697,0.8473852],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0000140052,0.0002360182,0.001754429,0.03447662,0.000978391,0.0006782927,0.0002083927,0.0005084054,0.001074106,0.002222874,0.9578027,0.00004570986],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0002783402,0.9977576,0.0002576591,0.0001730563,0.0001385664,0.00001183992,0.00005148471,0.000008099987,0.001323367],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.001654295,0.9975848,0.0002731918,0.000082193,0.00006833914,0.000008340598,0.00004435845,0.000002241626,0.0002822106],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.005916695,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01979327,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0118683072000888,"score_gpt":0.2522797893427429,"score_spread":0.2404114821426541,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}