{"id":"W4411132555","doi":"10.5430/wjel.v15n6p325","title":"Exploring the Acquisition of English Plural Formation and Compounding: Insights from L1 speakers of Libyan Arabic","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Journal of English Language","topic":"Language, Linguistics, Cultural Analysis","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Plural; Compounding; Arabic; Linguistics; Natural language processing; Computer science; Word formation; Artificial intelligence; Philosophy; Medicine","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0006387457,0.0004303072,0.0003300618,0.0005948727,0.001154405,0.001311051,0.000312362,0.0005401562,0.002641723],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002007462,0.0003479331,0.0001297908,0.0003521139,0.0009538257,0.0008897061,0.001085924,0.0007316149,0.0007471976],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000389553,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000492876,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.008348081,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01330827,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999757,0.00006972694,0.0000162751,0.00006191856,0.00005291601,0.00004215767],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992637,0.0003590003,0.0001311801,0.00004566287,0.0001226834,0.00007772593],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005738042,0.0005032598,0.2639822,0.0002751565,0.00002385057,0.002336978,0.5699683,0.0001434815,0.1209773,0.0009857154,0.0002702673,0.03995961],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003275367,0.0007600405,0.7623037,0.00009378827,0.0000362501,0.003261634,0.2131482,0.0007139607,0.01324467,0.001011529,0.005316269,0.00007720723],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993987,0.00003489067,0.00004119454,0.00002813475,6.060658e-7,0.000002822089,0.00001704807,0.000001149366,0.0004754301],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9984137,0.0001399056,0.0002517505,0.00004162368,0.000002040909,0.0000133142,0.00004753211,0.000006859616,0.00108324],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.008348081,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.016599,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02670497269112139,"score_gpt":0.2265377263420282,"score_spread":0.1998327536509068,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}