{"id":"W4411152749","doi":"10.3390/app15126418","title":"A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Particle Spatial, Velocity, and Temperature Distributions in Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Sciences","topic":"High-Temperature Coating Behaviors","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Materials science; Particle (ecology); Environmental science; Geology","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004075122,0.0001489146,0.0001677756,0.00009262589,0.0004756742,0.0001631209,0.0001525639,0.00009107838,0.000003967389],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000068091,0.0001383286,0.00002237748,0.0004201674,0.0001514374,0.0001087358,0.00006146784,0.000323447,7.360059e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006269121,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003364641,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003815663,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0001031016,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9990112,0.00002071013,0.0001920883,0.0003144547,0.0001364181,0.000325174],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996462,0.0001731069,0.00002808438,0.00008580944,0.00001642655,0.00005035454],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001992824,0.00009302407,0.02864335,0.0001935656,0.00003586098,0.000003397814,0.002537689,0.08610455,0.8646613,0.01486646,0.0002986836,0.002542239],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000703417,0.00004763921,0.01714402,0.0000869174,0.00003078064,0.000002277356,0.000798848,0.05154833,0.9282566,0.0001447894,0.0009068045,0.0003296116],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9908329,0.0001163861,0.007478029,0.00005564676,0.00009455691,0.0004762077,0.00006012779,0.0002102555,0.0006759352],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9958876,0.00001052638,0.00371928,0.00001537833,0.00003453637,0.0002413098,0.00003788889,0.00001055871,0.0000428848],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.06359532,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5640876,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009394580313235668,"score_gpt":0.2330097503236235,"score_spread":0.2236151700103878,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}