{"id":"W4411178249","doi":"10.1021/acs.iecr.5c00973","title":"Bioenergy Production from Biomass Combustion: Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Simulation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Lakehead University; Dalhousie University; University of Prince Edward Island","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Bioenergy; Combustion; Thermodynamics; Biomass (ecology); Kinetics; Biofuel; Production (economics); Environmental science; Chemistry; Process engineering; Waste management; Physics; Physical chemistry; Economics; Engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002185141,0.0001888538,0.0001755938,0.0001389361,0.00006425413,0.00008384421,0.0002234646,0.0003683981,0.00007349969],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005727137,0.0002103098,0.00003127591,0.0006935677,0.00009978097,0.00009493838,0.0001109003,0.0005202736,0.000006282266],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002187801,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003761048,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003478632,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":7.225067e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987721,0.0000198861,0.0002470626,0.0003394464,0.0002857357,0.0003357943],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991525,0.0002706138,0.00001898196,0.0002971226,0.0001561114,0.0001046254],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001913599,0.00001883168,0.0001167156,0.0001295366,0.00005598172,0.000002447818,0.00001697803,0.04467064,0.9507644,0.00001586656,0.0004564997,0.003733027],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003725961,0.000007282863,0.00007310599,0.0001344651,0.0000117832,9.236288e-7,0.0000315837,0.0764396,0.9201527,0.0001070044,0.002498951,0.0001699651],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9973326,0.0004943297,0.0002425202,0.0003063395,0.0005260038,0.0001579571,0.00002352352,0.0004159996,0.0005007318],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990692,0.00004477757,0.00003777469,0.000002503222,0.0004409024,0.00002200596,0.00006900304,0.00003214141,0.0002816648],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.03176896,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8576185,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03655046589091512,"score_gpt":0.285008826951844,"score_spread":0.2484583610609289,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}