{"id":"W4411195618","doi":"10.5430/wjel.v15n6p369","title":"Attitudes of Pakistani Undergraduate ESL Students toward Artificial Intelligence in Improving English Writing Skills","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"World Journal of English Language","topic":"AI in Service Interactions","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Mathematics education; Computer science; Psychology; Artificial intelligence","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001840752,0.000224463,0.0002012469,0.0006358769,0.001143193,0.002482652,0.0002262091,0.0006351531,0.003346868],"category_scores_gemma":[0.006000836,0.00019525,0.0002383546,0.0004353875,0.0009693432,0.000939575,0.0008395947,0.00085122,0.0008543187],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005923606,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001296828,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.004348513,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005557388,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991102,0.0001785783,0.00007748819,0.00008478915,0.0003665528,0.0001822692],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9949174,0.001088349,0.00116298,0.0001276903,0.001263605,0.001439937],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001037352,0.001061637,0.8806937,0.0001292489,0.00002068635,0.0006557732,0.07680161,0.0001206864,0.002825676,0.0004631781,0.001202002,0.03592209],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002028919,0.001695588,0.84733,0.0001829965,0.00004284899,0.0007392692,0.1385056,0.0006773137,0.001717597,0.0003972595,0.008630788,0.00006058568],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984456,0.00004500311,0.00004997364,0.0002343588,0.000006537909,0.00001105927,0.00001696494,0.000002074085,0.00118863],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9983974,0.000147728,0.00008608708,0.000209461,0.000005792672,0.00001330002,0.00002185875,0.000001251496,0.001117083],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004348513,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01119637,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01115070031474326,"score_gpt":0.3193492993040322,"score_spread":0.3081985989892889,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}